Europe and NATO News

The first batch of Romania's K9 Tunetul self-propelled howitzers arrived in the country around September 25, 2026, comprising 18 K9s and 12 K10 ammunition resupply vehicles out of the 54 K9s and 36 K10s ordered under the July 2024 contract worth about 1.38 trillion won. Hanwha Aerospace delivered the Korean-built batch roughly six months earlier than the early-2027 date in the original schedule; the first Romanian K9 had left the Changwon line on April 2026. Convoy footage also showed a K12 armored recovery vehicle that did not appear in the original order, suggesting the package was adjusted. The vehicles are provisionally assigned to the 4th Infantry Division in Cluj-Napoca, and the remaining howitzers are to be assembled at H-ACE Europe in Petresti from 2027 with about 80 percent local content.

Korea Aerospace Industries and Poland's Ministry of National Defence signed a contract amendment, reported September 21, 2026, that moves the first FA-50PL delivery from November 2025 to mid-2027 and the completion of all 36 FA-50PL aircraft from late 2028 to early 2029. The delay stems from integrating a US-supplied AESA radar and AIM-9X missiles, which depends on US foreign military sales and export approvals. The 12 FA-50GF gap-filler aircraft delivered in 2023 are unaffected, as is Malaysia's FA-50M program, whose first deliveries are scheduled from October 2026.

A Korea Times analysis published September 19, 2026 puts Korean defense exports at $9.5 billion in 2024 and $15.4 billion in 2025, with a 2026 forecast of about $27 billion. European buyers increasingly want industrial capability rather than finished equipment, citing Hanwha Aerospace's K9 plant in Romania and the Hyundai Rotem-PGZ localized K2PL production in Poland. The piece also flags technology-transfer risk, pointing to Turkey's Altay tank program, which drew on K2 technology, as a case where a buyer became a competitor.

The Korea Defense Industry Association and the Estonian Defence and Aerospace Industry Association signed a cooperation memorandum at the first Korea-Estonia Defense Industry Forum in Tallinn in the week of September 18, 2026. About 40 Estonian organizations took part alongside Hanwha Aerospace, LIG D&A, Kia, and Hyundai WIA, and the agreement names technology transfer, local production, maintenance, early warning, and multisensor fusion as areas for joint development. The forum follows Estonia's K239 Chunmoo purchases in 2025 and 2026 and the DAPA minister's meetings with NATO eastern-flank officials at MSPO 2026.

Romania plans to buy 216 main battle tanks plus 76 derivative vehicles with a budget of up to EUR 6.488 billion (about KRW 10 trillion), with Hyundai Rotem's K2 competing against the Leopard 2 and Rheinmetall's KF51 Panther. Bidding is to open once Bucharest completes a localization analysis, and Hyundai Rotem's K2 gained NATO AQAP-2110 quality certification in July 2026 to strengthen its case. Romania already operates Korean K9 howitzers and is buying K239 Chunmoo launchers. Next milestone: tender launch, date unknown.

Hanwha Aerospace signed a EUR 411.8 million (640 billion won, ~$477 million) contract with Croatia's Ministry of Defence on September 10, 2026 for 18 K239 Chunmoo multiple rocket launchers, ammunition carriers, fire direction command vehicles, guided rockets across short, medium, and long ranges, training, and lifecycle support, with deliveries through 2030. The ceremony at the Croatian Prime Minister's office was attended by Prime Minister Andrej Plenkovic, Deputy PM and Defence Minister Ivan Anusic, ROK Defense Minister Ahn Gyu-back, DAPA Minister Lee Yong-cheol, and Hanwha Aerospace business head Billy Boo-hwan Lee; the two governments also signed a defense-partnership MOU creating a regular working-level dialogue. Croatia's total procurement comes to EUR 435.2 million excluding VAT, as Poland's WB Electronics was contracted separately to deliver and integrate the TOPAZ battlefield management system, keeping the Croatian configuration interoperable with Poland's Homar-K, and Anusic said Croatian firm Koncar will take part in implementation. The rockets, ranging from the 80 km CGR-080 to the 290 km CTM-290, replace Soviet-era M92 Vulkan and BM-21 Grad launchers and sit alongside Croatia's separate order for eight HIMARS. Plenkovic called it "one of the largest investments in the equipment and modernization of the Croatian Armed Forces." Croatia becomes the fourth European Chunmoo customer after Poland, Estonia, and Norway, and DAPA said it expects the deal to grow into industrial cooperation and follow-on logistics support.

President Lee Jae-myung and French President Emmanuel Macron met at the Elysee Palace on September 9, 2026 during a two-day state visit marking 140 years of diplomatic relations, and agreed to deepen cooperation on military information, logistics, and the defense industry. The two sides signed an upgraded agreement on the protection of classified military information and committed to conclude a mutual military logistics support agreement. On defense industry, they pledged "mutually beneficial projects based on France's technological expertise and South Korea's manufacturing prowess," with Airbus cited as a likely partner, and agreed to joint R&D on AI, semiconductors, and quantum technology plus cooperation on next-generation nuclear reactors and supply-chain diversification. The leaders also set a target of $20 billion in bilateral trade by 2030 and agreed to coordinate on freedom-of-navigation efforts in the Middle East. The summit followed French interest earlier in 2026 in the K239 Chunmoo as a candidate for its long-range fires requirement.

Hanwha Aerospace opened the fifth K9 User Club in Tartu, Estonia on September 2, 2026, drawing about 200 military and industry representatives from seven K9 operator nations (Korea, Estonia, Poland, Norway, Finland, Romania, and Australia) plus observers from Spain and Sweden, the largest turnout to date. Hanwha presented a next-generation operating concept in which VTOL fire-guidance drones detect and track targets, generate firing coordinates for the K9, and then assess impact and battle damage, shortening the sensor-to-shooter loop and reducing reliance on exposed forward observers. The company also showed a digital logistics system cataloguing 700-800 key parts with demand forecasting, to be linked to a Polish spares warehouse. At a Chunmoo user workshop on the sidelines, Hanwha announced the first official Chunmoo User Club will be held in Korea in 2027, and Australia will host the next K9 User Club the same year. Hanwha said it will focus new K9 sales on Western European armies modernizing aging artillery, following the Spain contract that took the K9 operator base to 11 countries.

Hanwha Aerospace signed the K9 self-propelled howitzer export execution contract with Spain's Indra Sistemas on August 31, 2026, converting the March 2026 binding agreement into a firm order and making Spain the 11th K9 operator nation and Hanwha's first artillery customer in Western Europe. The contract value is undisclosed; Korean reporting estimates the initial tranche at a minimum of about 667.5 billion won (~$480 million), with Hanwha receiving a 20% down payment at signing and a further 5% by year-end. Unit counts and the delivery schedule are confidential. The program follows Spain's deep-localization model, with hulls and much of the production led by Indra in Spain, a structure widely expected to shape follow-on negotiations with Poland and Romania.

The first 28 K2GF Black Panther tanks under Poland's second implementation contract with Hyundai Rotem arrived in Poland on August 25-26, 2026 and were assigned to the 16th Mechanized Division on NATO's eastern flank. The roughly $6.5 billion contract, signed in August 2025, covers 116 K2GF tanks for delivery in 2026-2027 plus 64 Polish-configured K2PL vehicles, 61 of which will be assembled in Poland, for 2028-2030. The delivery brings Poland's operational K2 fleet to 208 vehicles and formally moves the second contract into its delivery phase. Polish officials and Hyundai Rotem are expected to discuss a third K2PL tranche of around 210 tanks around the MSPO exhibition in Kielce in September.

Hanwha Systems and the Telecommunications Technology Association signed a strategic partnership on August 13 to jointly develop an AI-powered 5G tactical communications system designed from the first line of code to NATO's STANAG 5665, the alliance's first formal cellular defense standard, ratified in February 2026. The pairing combines Hanwha's position as the only Korean firm to have fully deployed the national battlefield tactical communications backbone with TTA's standing as a founding member of 3GPP. The project integrates terrestrial 5G with non-terrestrial networks including satellites, using AI to manage traffic across layers, and includes joint development of MOSS — a vehicle-mounted solution combining mobile tactical 5G base stations, transmission equipment, satellite terminals, and command-and-control gear on a single platform. Building to STANAG 5665 is explicitly aimed at NATO-market interoperability.

Spain's roughly €7.2 billion ($8.2 billion) artillery modernization — in which Hanwha Aerospace's K9 Thunder is competing — comes with demands for a deeper form of local production than Korea has granted before: manufacturing led by a Spanish prime contractor rather than Hanwha, transfer of intellectual property and design authority, and rights to export to third countries. Industry watchers say how Korea structures the Spanish deal could become a template for subsequent European negotiations, including follow-on contracts with Poland and Romania, as buyer nations increasingly demand technology sovereignty rather than off-the-shelf purchases. The pressure reflects a broader shift in K-defense exports from platform sales toward localization, joint production, and technology partnership.

Hyundai Rotem won NATO's AQAP-2110 quality certification for the K2 Black Panther tank family — the first South Korean defense product to earn it — clearing a key prerequisite for NATO procurement tenders. The certification was awarded by the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) and covers the K2 main battle tank plus its recovery, bridge-laying, and mine-clearing variants, verifying that quality assurance requirements are met throughout design and production. AQAP-2110 (Allied Quality Assurance Publication) is required to supply defense equipment to NATO member states, meaning the K2 family now meets the qualification requirements to compete across the alliance. The milestone lands alongside the Korea–NATO procurement pact talks opened at the Ankara summit, and strengthens Hyundai Rotem's position in live European competitions — notably Romania's 216-vehicle tank program and the pending third Polish K2 contract.

On the sidelines of the July 7–8 NATO summit in Ankara, President Lee Jae Myung and NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte agreed to begin negotiations on a defense procurement pact that would open the alliance's roughly 15 trillion won ($9.9 billion) annual defense market to Korean companies. The agreement sets out the legal and administrative framework for defense and munitions cooperation and procurement contracts between NATO and partner countries, allowing Korean firms to move beyond bilateral deals with individual allies toward alliance-wide procurement. Korea also newly joined as an observer in NATO's defense industry and raw materials programs, having previously observed only the munitions and space programs. Lee proposed a “Korea–NATO Defence Industry Partnership 2.0” to shift cooperation toward joint research, co-development, and long-term industrial co-production.

At the NATO Defence Industry Forum in Ankara on July 8, Hanwha Aerospace promoted a “Built with Europe, for Europe” strategy to fuel the continent's rearmament, emphasizing local manufacturing, European suppliers, technology transfer, sustainment capacity, and long-term industrial investment rather than deliveries shipped solely from South Korea. The pitch positions Hanwha as a co-production partner for NATO members expanding artillery, air defense, and munitions capacity, complementing the Korea–NATO procurement pact talks opened at the summit and Hanwha's existing European footprint in Poland, Romania, and Estonia.

Canada selected Germany's Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) as preferred supplier for the Canadian Patrol Submarine Project on July 7, ending Hanwha Ocean's bid to build up to 12 diesel-electric submarines under the ~C$60 trillion won ($39B) program. Prime Minister Mark Carney announced the decision ahead of the NATO summit in Ankara. TKMS prevailed by emphasizing its status as a NATO ally already supplying European navies and offering a larger economic package. Hanwha Ocean — which had signed partnerships with 80+ Canadian firms and pledged C$70B in economic benefits and a first-boat delivery by 2032 — was designated the reserve supplier, retained as an alternative if TKMS falters. Hanwha Ocean shares fell more than 23% on the news. The loss is a setback for Korea's NATO-market naval export ambitions, though analysts note the local partnership network and reserve status preserve a future path.

President Lee Jae Myung will attend the July 7–8 NATO summit in Ankara, Turkey, with a focus on deepening defense and economic cooperation with member states and promoting K-defense capabilities. Lee will deliver keynote remarks at the NATO Defense Industry Forum during the "Shared Values, Stronger Industrial Foundations" session, highlighting Korean defense products' rapid delivery timelines and competitive pricing. The visit coincides with Canada's imminent selection of a submarine supplier — a CA$60 billion decision between Hanwha Ocean and Germany's TKMS expected before the summit.

Canada's defense minister confirmed the $42.2 billion Canadian Patrol Submarine Project will go to a single supplier, with a decision expected before PM Carney departs for the NATO summit in Ankara on July 7. Hanwha Ocean faces Germany's TKMS in the final round to build up to 12 diesel-electric submarines. Hanwha has signed partnerships with 80+ Canadian firms, pledging C$70B in economic effects and 25,000 annual jobs. A Korean win would be the largest naval export in K-defense history and could open follow-on bids in Greece and Saudi Arabia.

Korean defense firms are entering a new stage beyond exporting finished products to local mass production and technology cooperation. Hanwha Aerospace now has K9 production in Australia, Egypt, Romania, and a new UAE teaming deal. Hyundai Rotem plans K2PL production in Poland (61 tanks, 2029–2031) with tech transfer to Bumar. The shift responds to growing buyer demands for local industrialization and technological sovereignty. DB Investment & Securities forecasts total defense exports could reach $37.7 billion in 2026.

Hanwha Aerospace received a long-term issuer credit rating of A- with a stable outlook from S&P Global Ratings, becoming the first Korean defense company to earn a global investment-grade credit rating. S&P cited the expansion of weapon system exports to Europe and the Middle East, rapid supply capabilities, NATO compatibility, and a record-high order backlog of 37 trillion won as of end-2025. The rating places Hanwha alongside major global defense primes and is expected to facilitate direct fundraising in overseas debt markets.

Hyundai Rotem defense division head Seo Jun-mo outlined the company's strategy to leverage Poland as a springboard for K2 tank exports into Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. In an interview at Eurosatory 2026, he identified Peru and Romania as key near-term markets, and confirmed that the K2ME Middle East variant development is complete, with a contract expected in H2 2026 or H1 2027. Separately, Hyundai Rotem partnered with Germany's FFG to bolster K2 tank support capabilities in Poland.

Hanwha Aerospace and French defense firm Thales signed an MOU at Eurosatory 2026 on June 17 to integrate Chunmoo guided missiles with Thales X-Fire launcher platforms. The agreement covers three missile types: the CGR-080 guided rocket (80 km range, available now), the CTM-MR medium-range missile (~160 km), and the CTM-290 tactical ballistic missile (up to 290 km). The partnership positions Chunmoo technology for broader European adoption through France's established defense industrial base.

Hyundai Rotem unveiled the world's first AI-based unmanned turret-type counter-drone multi-layered protection system at Eurosatory 2026 in Paris. The system uses AI-driven threat detection to assess drone type, distance, and altitude in real time, determining optimal countermeasures. The company also showcased an export-oriented K2 tank variant and the KLTV tactical vehicle, recently selected by the Polish military as a new standard platform. Kia presented next-generation medium and heavy tactical vehicles.

LIG Defense & Aerospace and German defense giant Rheinmetall signed a strategic partnership to establish a joint venture for NATO air defense systems. The JV will localize, develop, and market medium- and long-range as well as very short-range air defense systems. The deal deepens Korean-European defense industrial ties as NATO modernization drives demand for integrated air defense capabilities.

Hanwha Aerospace unveiled the Striker-S Medium Uncrewed Surface Vessel (MUSV) at Eurosatory 2026 on June 15. The 35-meter, 250-ton unmanned missile vessel integrates the Chunmoo rocket launcher for surface-to-surface and surface-to-ground naval strike missions using coordinated autonomous swarm tactics. The vessel features a 6-meter beam, a 20-foot container payload module rated at 10 tons, and includes counter-UAS capability for self-defense against enemy reconnaissance drones and loitering munitions.

The EU and Republic of Korea expanded their security and defense partnership at a summit in Brussels on June 10. Leaders committed to implementing the November 2024 partnership agreement, including starting work on a Security of Information Agreement for classified exchanges, deploying an EU Military Advisor to the EU Delegation in Seoul, and expanding cyber cooperation. The partnership deepens EU-Korea defense industrial ties amid shared European and Indo-Pacific security challenges.

Hanwha Aerospace is in active talks with Germany, the UK and other European nations for new weapons deals, capitalizing on surging global arms spending. Global CSO Alex Wong disclosed at the Shangri-La Dialogue that Hanwha has established a German subsidiary in Berlin and is reviewing plans to build a Chunmoo manufacturing facility in eastern Germany. The company is pursuing European partnerships beyond existing customers Poland and Romania, covering procurement, local production, and workforce development.

The Estonian Centre for Defence Investments and KOTRA signed a government-to-government follow-on contract for three additional K239 Chunmoo MLRS launchers and support equipment, just five months after the initial €290M deal for six launchers in December 2025. Delivery is scheduled by end of 2027, bringing Estonia's total Chunmoo fleet to nine systems. The rapid re-order reflects strong confidence in Korean weapons systems proven in extreme cold conditions. Estonia has operated K9 self-propelled howitzers since 2020.

DAPA and NATO held their second defense industry consultative meeting at the Government Complex Gwacheon, co-led by DAPA's international cooperation chief and NATO Assistant Secretary-General Tarja Jaakkola. The sides discussed expanding cooperation in interoperability, ammunition production (particularly 155mm shells to replenish European stockpiles), and space projects. NATO requested South Korea's participation in multinational alliance projects, reflecting a shift from viewing Seoul as an emergency procurement source to a long-term defense supply partner.

Thirty NATO ambassadors visited Seoul to tour Korean defense manufacturing facilities, marking an unprecedented level of Alliance interest in K-Defense capabilities. South Korea has captured a 6.5% share of arms exports to NATO members over the past five years, tying with France for second place behind only the United States at 64%. The visit underscores the shift from one-off arms purchases to longer-term defense partnerships with European NATO members.

Finland signed a government-to-government contract with South Korea for 112 surplus K9 self-propelled howitzers valued at €546.8 million (~$635M). The deal brings Finland's total K9 fleet to 208, making it the second-largest K9 operator in Europe after Poland. The howitzers will undergo national modifications before entering service with the Finnish Defence Forces.

Romania's first K9 Thunder howitzer (designated K9 Tunetul) exited the production line in South Korea on March 30, 2026, ahead of delivery. The initial batch of 18 units is manufactured in South Korea, with local Romanian assembly beginning in 2027.

Indra Group and Hanwha Aerospace signed a binding EUR 4.55 billion (~$5.3B) agreement for joint development of K9-based self-propelled artillery. The deal covers 280 tracked vehicles including 128 artillery and 120 ammunition resupply vehicles, to be manufactured in Spain.

Hanwha Aerospace showcased its L-SAM long-range surface-to-air missile system and Chunmoo multiple rocket launcher at the Brussels European Defence Exhibition (BEDEX) 2026 from March 12-14, marking the L-SAM's first appearance at a European defense show. The L-SAM intercepts ballistic missiles at altitudes above 40 km using hit-to-kill technology, with mass production having begun in 2025. Hanwha also displayed the Chunmoo launcher alongside four types of guided missiles with ranges from 80 km to 290 km.

Hanwha Aerospace announced a proposed EUR 100 million ($115.5M) investment in Estonia covering an ammunition plant, a military equipment maintenance and repair center, and R&D cooperation with Estonian companies; Estonian officials said it remains an offer with negotiations ongoing. The investment would deepen Hanwha's footprint on NATO's northeastern flank following the December 2025 Estonian Chunmoo contract.

The French Army is evaluating the K239 Chunmoo as a temporary long-range strike solution while developing its own FLP-T system (not expected before 2030). French think tank IFRI recommended the Chunmoo over alternatives including HIMARS. A French parliamentary committee report earlier called buying HIMARS geopolitically "risky" and pointed to the industrial cooperation on systems and ammunition that the Korean system offered Poland.

Hanwha Aerospace broke ground on its first European production site, the Hanwha Armoured Vehicle Centre of Excellence (H-ACE) Europe, in Petrești, Romania. The facility will initially produce K9 howitzers and K10 ammunition resupply vehicles, with potential to expand to infantry fighting vehicles, long-range precision strike systems and unmanned ground vehicles.

Norway selected Hanwha's K239 Chunmoo over the US HIMARS system in a NOK 19 billion (~$2 billion) deal for 16 launchers and missiles with range up to 500 km. The selection over a US system is a major validation of Korean MLRS technology.

Hanwha Aerospace signed its third contract with Norway for 24 additional K9 VIDAR self-propelled howitzers, expanding the Norwegian Army's fleet to 52 units. Deliveries are expected by 2027. Norway has become one of Hanwha's deepest European partners, and Hanwha said the deal opens opportunities for future exports including the Chunmoo rocket system.

Norway has selected the K239 Chunmoo as its new multiple launch rocket system, becoming the third European customer after Poland and Romania. The deal builds on Norway's existing use of K9 VIDAR howitzers.